In-Group and Out-Group Bias: Understanding the Emotional Brain:

In-Group Bias:

• This bias occurs when people favour those who belong to their group (the "in-group") over those who do not (the "out-group").
• It can manifest in many ways, such as preferential treatment, positive evaluations, and increased trust and cooperation within the in-group.
• Example: If a manager hires and promotes employees who share the same background, interests, or social identity as themselves, they might unintentionally exhibit in-group bias.

Out-Group Bias:

• Out-group bias involves negative attitudes or discriminatory behaviour toward those perceived as outside one's group.
• This can result in stereotyping, exclusion, and unfair treatment of out-group members.
• Example: Employees from different cultural backgrounds might face out-group bias in a diverse workplace if they are not included in informal networks or social activities.